Pertanyaan yang diberi tag conditional-probability

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R / mgcv: Mengapa produk tensor () dan ti () menghasilkan permukaan yang berbeda?

The mgcvpaket untuk Rmemiliki dua fungsi untuk pas interaksi produk tensor: te()dan ti(). Saya memahami pembagian kerja dasar antara keduanya (menyesuaikan interaksi non-linear vs menguraikan interaksi ini menjadi efek utama dan interaksi). Yang tidak saya mengerti adalah mengapa te(x1, x2)dan...

r gam mgcv conditional-probability mixed-model references bayesian estimation conditional-probability machine-learning optimization gradient-descent r hypothesis-testing wilcoxon-mann-whitney time-series bayesian inference change-point time-series anova repeated-measures statistical-significance bayesian contingency-tables regression prediction quantiles classification auc k-means scikit-learn regression spatial circular-statistics t-test effect-size cohens-d r cross-validation feature-selection caret machine-learning modeling python optimization frequentist correlation sample-size normalization group-differences heteroscedasticity independence generalized-least-squares lme4-nlme references mcmc metropolis-hastings optimization r logistic feature-selection separation clustering k-means normal-distribution gaussian-mixture kullback-leibler java spark-mllib data-visualization categorical-data barplot hypothesis-testing statistical-significance chi-squared type-i-and-ii-errors pca scikit-learn conditional-expectation statistical-significance meta-analysis intuition r time-series multivariate-analysis garch machine-learning classification data-mining missing-data cart regression cross-validation matrix-decomposition categorical-data repeated-measures chi-squared assumptions contingency-tables prediction binary-data trend test-for-trend matrix-inverse anova categorical-data regression-coefficients standard-error r distributions exponential interarrival-time copula log-likelihood time-series forecasting prediction-interval mean standard-error meta-analysis meta-regression network-meta-analysis systematic-review normal-distribution multiple-regression generalized-linear-model poisson-distribution poisson-regression r sas cohens-kappa
10
Bisakah model P (Y | X) dilatih melalui stochastic gradient descent dari sampel non-iid P (X) dan sampel iid dari P (Y | X)?

Ketika melatih model parameter (misalnya untuk memaksimalkan kemungkinan) melalui penurunan gradien stokastik pada beberapa set data, umumnya diasumsikan bahwa sampel pelatihan diambil di awal dari distribusi data pelatihan. Jadi, jika tujuannya adalah untuk memodelkan distribusi bersama , maka...

machine-learning conditional-probability reinforcement-learning gradient-descent
10
Buktikan / Tolak

Buktikan / Tolak E[1A|Ft]=0 or 1 a.s. ⇒E[1A|Fs]=E[1A|Ft] a.s.E[1A|Ft]=0 or 1 a.s. ⇒E[1A|Fs]=E[1A|Ft] a.s.E[1_A | \mathscr{F_t}] = 0 \ \text{or} \ 1 \ \text{a.s.} \ \Rightarrow E[1_A | \mathscr{F_{s}}] = E[1_A | \mathscr{F_t}] \ \text{a.s.} Mengingat ruang probabilitas disaring...

probability conditional-probability random-variable filter
9
Bagaimana cara membandingkan acara yang diamati dengan yang diharapkan?

Misalkan saya punya satu sampel frekuensi dari 4 peristiwa yang mungkin: Event1 - 5 E2 - 1 E3 - 0 E4 - 12 dan saya memiliki probabilitas yang diharapkan dari peristiwa saya terjadi: p1 - 0.2 p2 - 0.1 p3 - 0.1 p4 - 0.6 Dengan jumlah frekuensi yang diamati dari empat acara saya (18) saya dapat...

r statistical-significance chi-squared multivariate-analysis exponential joint-distribution statistical-significance self-study standard-deviation probability normal-distribution spss interpretation assumptions cox-model reporting cox-model statistical-significance reliability method-comparison classification boosting ensemble adaboost confidence-interval cross-validation prediction prediction-interval regression machine-learning svm regularization regression sampling survey probit matlab feature-selection information-theory mutual-information time-series forecasting simulation classification boosting ensemble adaboost normal-distribution multivariate-analysis covariance gini clustering text-mining distance-functions information-retrieval similarities regression logistic stata group-differences r anova confidence-interval repeated-measures r logistic lme4-nlme inference fiducial kalman-filter classification discriminant-analysis linear-algebra computing statistical-significance time-series panel-data missing-data uncertainty probability multivariate-analysis r classification spss k-means discriminant-analysis poisson-distribution average r random-forest importance probability conditional-probability distributions standard-deviation time-series machine-learning online forecasting r pca dataset data-visualization bayes distributions mathematical-statistics degrees-of-freedom