/ dev / sda1 bukan subset dari / dev / sda?

18

entri pertama tabel partisi saya adalah:

$ sudo hexdump -Cv -n 16 -s 446 /dev/sda
000001be  80 01 01 00 83 fe ff ff  3f 00 00 00 81 1c 20 03  |........?..... .|

( -Cv menjelaskan format output, -n 16 meminta 16 byte dan -s 446 melompati 446 byte pertama)
Anda dapat melihat bahwa partisi pertama saya adalah partisi Linux primer dan bahwa partisi ini dimulai pada sektor 63 (lihat misalnya [ di sini] [1] untuk struktur tabel partisi).
Saya kemudian berharap bahwa kecuali untuk 63 sektor pertama dan partisi lainnya, / dev / sda1 dan / dev / sda persis sama.

Tapi ini tidak terjadi, sektor # 2 dari / dev / sda1 tidak persis sama dengan sektor # 65 dari / dev / sda (tetapi mereka sangat mirip, hanya 16 byte berbeda):

$ sudo hexdump -Cv -n 512 -s 65b /dev/sda
00008200  00 20 19 00 90 03 64 00  2d 00 05 00 5a 2f 56 00  |. ....d.-...Z/V.|
00008210  b6 b1 16 00 00 00 00 00  02 00 00 00 02 00 00 00  |................|
00008220  00 80 00 00 00 80 00 00  00 20 00 00 d8 38 ee 4c  |......... ...8.L|
00008230  9a 01 ef 4c 05 00 24 00  53 ef 01 00 01 00 00 00  |...L..$.S.......|
00008240  59 23 e9 4c 00 4e ed 00  00 00 00 00 01 00 00 00  |Y#.L.N..........|
00008250  00 00 00 00 0b 00 00 00  00 01 00 00 3c 00 00 00  |............<...|
00008260  42 02 00 00 7b 00 00 00  85 23 eb f2 71 67 44 f5  |B...{....#..qgD.|
00008270  bb 8f 6f f2 3a 59 ff 4d  55 62 75 6e 74 75 00 00  |..o.:Y.MUbuntu..|
00008280  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  2f 75 62 75 6e 74 75 00  |......../ubuntu.|
00008290  d8 3c df 5d 00 88 ff ff  52 d0 ef 1d 00 00 00 00  |.<.]....R.......|
000082a0  c0 40 51 b6 00 88 ff ff  00 4e c8 bb 00 88 ff ff  |[email protected]......|
000082b0  c0 f6 86 b8 00 88 ff ff  30 2e 0d a0 ff ff ff ff  |........0.......|
000082c0  38 3d df 5d 00 88 ff ff  00 00 00 00 00 00 fe 03  |8=.]............|
000082d0  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  |................|
000082e0  08 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  00 00 00 00 8a 53 d3 0e  |.............S..|
000082f0  7c 7a 43 e4 8b fb ca e0  72 b7 fa c8 01 01 00 00  ||zC.....r.......|
00008300  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  16 4c 47 4b 0a f3 03 00  |.........LGK....|
00008310  04 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  00 00 00 00 fe 7f 00 00  |................|
00008320  24 b7 0c 00 fe 7f 00 00  01 00 00 00 22 37 0d 00  |$..........."7..|
00008330  ff 7f 00 00 01 00 00 00  23 37 0d 00 00 00 00 00  |........#7......|
00008340  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 08  |................|
00008350  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  00 00 00 00 1c 00 1c 00  |................|
00008360  01 00 00 00 e9 7f 00 00  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  |................|
00008370  00 00 00 00 04 00 00 00  9f 7d bb 00 00 00 00 00  |.........}......|
00008380  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  |................|
00008390  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  |................|
000083a0  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  |................|
000083b0  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  |................|
000083c0  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  |................|
000083d0  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  |................|
000083e0  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  |................|
000083f0  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  |................|

melawan

$ sudo hexdump -Cv -n 512 -s 2b /dev/sda1
00000400  00 20 19 00 90 03 64 00  2d 00 05 00 5a 2f 56 00  |. ....d.-...Z/V.|
00000410  b6 b1 16 00 00 00 00 00  02 00 00 00 02 00 00 00  |................|
00000420  00 80 00 00 00 80 00 00  00 20 00 00 df 76 ef 4c  |......... ...v.L|
00000430  df 76 ef 4c 06 00 24 00  53 ef 01 00 01 00 00 00  |.v.L..$.S.......|
00000440  59 23 e9 4c 00 4e ed 00  00 00 00 00 01 00 00 00  |Y#.L.N..........|
00000450  0
Guillaume Brunerie
sumber
pertanyaan bagus ... tidak tahu jawabannya +1
RobotHumans
dapat memiliki diff yang tepat?
Hello71

Jawaban:

6

Temuan yang bagus, karena saya dapat mereproduksi efek ini pada sistem saya juga. Di situs saya ini terjadi pada / dev / hda, jadi tidak ada masalah SCSI.

# uname -a
Linux X.X.X 2.6.26-2-686 #1 SMP Tue Mar 9 17:35:51 UTC 2010 i686 GNU/Linux

Saya pikir whitequarkitu benar bahwa ini adalah masalah cache. Inilah interpretasi saya tentang apa yang terjadi di situs Anda ( perhatikan bahwa saya tidak yakin penjelasan saya benar ):

/ dev / sda1 sedang digunakan. Jadi "sinkronisasi" memperbarui superblok setiap kali jurnal memerah (atau serupa). Jadi disk / dev / sda1 diubah.

Namun kernel tidak menggunakan cache gabungan untuk / dev / sda dan / dev / sda1, sebaliknya kedua "file" adalah cache itu sendiri. Memperbarui / dev / sda1 (sinkronisasi) karenanya tidak membatalkan cache dari / dev / sda. Karenanya membaca dari / dev / sda menunjukkan nilai cache lama (sehingga cache tidak sinkron dengan harddisk) sementara / dev / sda1 menunjukkan nilai-nilai (baru) yang benar.

Inilah situasi yang terlihat di pihak saya. Saya datang ke sini setelah melakukan beberapa dump sebelumnya di / dev / hda, jadi itu sudah men-cache beberapa data lama:

# od -tx1z -N 10k /dev/hda2 > NOW1
# dd ibs=512 skip=1975995 if=/dev/hda | od -tx1z -N 10k > MAIN1
# diff NOW1 MAIN1
3,4c3,4
< 0002000 00 00 31 01 57 c4 61 02 04 7d 1e 00 be 1a 39 00  >..1.W.a..}....9.<
< 0002020 4e ea 21 01 00 00 00 00 02 00 00 00 02 00 00 00  >N.!.............<
---
> 0002000 00 00 31 01 57 c4 61 02 04 7d 1e 00 4e 1b 39 00  >..1.W.a..}..N.9.<
> 0002020 52 ea 21 01 00 00 00 00 02 00 00 00 02 00 00 00  >R.!.............<

# od -tx1z -N 10k /dev/hda2 > NOW1
# diff NOW1 MAIN1
3,4c3,4
< 0002000 00 00 31 01 57 c4 61 02 04 7d 1e 00 be 1a 39 00  >..1.W.a..}....9.<
< 0002020 4e ea 21 01 00 00 00 00 02 00 00 00 02 00 00 00  >N.!.............<
---
> 0002000 00 00 31 01 57 c4 61 02 04 7d 1e 00 4e 1b 39 00  >..1.W.a..}..N.9.<
> 0002020 52 ea 21 01 00 00 00 00 02 00 00 00 02 00 00 00  >R.!.............<

# od -tx1z -N 10k /dev/hda2 > NOW2
# dd ibs=512 skip=1975995 if=/dev/hda | od -tx1z -N 10k > MAIN2
# diff MAIN1 MAIN2
# diff NOW2 MAIN2
3,4c3,4
< 0002000 00 00 31 01 57 c4 61 02 04 7d 1e 00 f0 19 39 00  >..1.W.a..}....9.<
< 0002020 41 ea 21 01 00 00 00 00 02 00 00 00 02 00 00 00  >A.!.............<
---
> 0002000 00 00 31 01 57 c4 61 02 04 7d 1e 00 4e 1b 39 00  >..1.W.a..}..N.9.<
> 0002020 52 ea 21 01 00 00 00 00 02 00 00 00 02 00 00 00  >R.!.............<
106c106
< 0012440 00 80 14 00 01 80 14 00 02 80 14 00 00 00 01 00  >................<
---
> 0012440 00 80 14 00 01 80 14 00 02 80 14 00 00 00 00 00  >................<
334c334
< 0021540 00 80 4d 00 01 80 4d 00 02 80 4d 00 02 00 63 3e  >..M...M...M...c><
---
> 0021540 00 80 4d 00 01 80 4d 00 02 80 4d 00 02 00 64 3e  >..M...M...M...d><

Sementara / dev / hda tidak menunjukkan pembaruan, / dev / hda2 menunjukkan beberapa perubahan. Tetapi ketika saya membersihkan cache dan mencoba lagi, semuanya menunjukkan hal yang sama:

# hdparm -f /dev/hda

/dev/hda:

# dd ibs=512 skip=1975995 if=/dev/hda | od -tx1z -N 10k > MAIN2
# diff MAIN1 MAIN2
3,4c3,4
< 0002000 00 00 31 01 57 c4 61 02 04 7d 1e 00 4e 1b 39 00  >..1.W.a..}..N.9.<
< 0002020 52 ea 21 01 00 00 00 00 02 00 00 00 02 00 00 00  >R.!.............<
---
> 0002000 00 00 31 01 57 c4 61 02 04 7d 1e 00 dc 1a 39 00  >..1.W.a..}....9.<
> 0002020 96 ea 21 01 00 00 00 00 02 00 00 00 02 00 00 00  >..!.............<
36,37c36,37
< 0010300 00 00 03 00 01 00 03 00 02 00 03 00 00 00 bb 3b  >...............;<
< 0010320 80 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  >................<
---
> 0010300 00 00 03 00 01 00 03 00 02 00 03 00 00 00 bc 3b  >...............;<
> 0010320 7f 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  >................<
48c48
< 0010600 00 00 06 00 01 00 06 00 02 00 06 00 03 00 18 3f  >...............?<
---
> 0010600 00 00 06 00 01 00 06 00 02 00 06 00 04 00 18 3f  >...............?<
106c106
< 0012440 00 80 14 00 01 80 14 00 02 80 14 00 00 00 00 00  >................<
---
> 0012440 00 80 14 00 01 80 14 00 02 80 14 00 00 00 01 00  >................<

# od -tx1z -N 10k /dev/hda2 > NOW2
# diff NOW2 MAIN2
# diff MAIN1 MAIN2
3,4c3,4
< 0002000 00 00 31 01 57 c4 61 02 04 7d 1e 00 4e 1b 39 00  >..1.W.a..}..N.9.<
< 0002020 52 ea 21 01 00 00 00 00 02 00 00 00 02 00 00 00  >R.!.............<
---
> 0002000 00 00 31 01 57 c4 61 02 04 7d 1e 00 dc 1a 39 00  >..1.W.a..}....9.<
> 0002020 96 ea 21 01 00 00 00 00 02 00 00 00 02 00 00 00  >..!.............<
36,37c36,37
< 0010300 00 00 03 00 01 00 03 00 02 00 03 00 00 00 bb 3b  >...............;<
< 0010320 80 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  >................<
---
> 0010300 00 00 03 00 01 00 03 00 02 00 03 00 00 00 bc 3b  >...............;<
> 0010320 7f 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  >................<
48c48
< 0010600 00 00 06 00 01 00 06 00 02 00 06 00 03 00 18 3f  >...............?<
---
> 0010600 00 00 06 00 01 00 06 00 02 00 06 00 04 00 18 3f  >...............?<
106c106
< 0012440 00 80 14 00 01 80 14 00 02 80 14 00 00 00 00 00  >................<
---
> 0012440 00 80 14 00 01 80 14 00 02 80 14 00 00 00 01 00  >................<

Catatan singkat tentang cara mereproduksi:

  • Pastikan sistem Anda idle dan memiliki banyak RAM untuk caching.
  • jalankan fdisk -u -luntuk menemukan di mana partisi dimulai. Di sisi saya itu adalah 1975995
  • Pilih partisi yang terpasang dan drive lengkap.
  • Kemudian lakukan kedua kesedihan (SEKARANG1, MAIN1) dan bandingkan. Mereka harus membandingkan sama.
  • Ubah sedikit pada partisi, sinkronkan.
  • Biarkan lebih banyak waktu.
  • Ubah sedikit, sinkronkan lagi.
  • Lakukan dump NOW2, ini akan berbeda dari NOW1
  • Lakukan dump MAIN2, seharusnya tidak berbeda dari MAIN1!
  • Jalankan hdparmjalur untuk drive Anda
  • Lakukan dump MAIN2 lagi, sekarang akan berbeda dari MAIN1.
  • Jika Anda cukup cepat, NOW2 dan MAIN2 akan membandingkan sama.
Tino
sumber
0

Setelah melakukan tes yang sama saya tidak mendapat perbedaan. Mungkin sektor tertentu ditulis di antara setiap dump.

Perintah berikut membandingkan ~ 48MB pertama dari sektor yang sama yang diekstrak dari / dev / sda dan / dev / sda1:

$ diff <(sudo hexdump -Cv -n $((512*100000)) -s 0x7e00 /dev/sda | awk '{$1=""}1' ) <(sudo hexdump -Cv -n $((512*100000)) /dev/sda1 | awk '{$1=""}1' )

Di mana 0x7e00 adalah offset dari partisi pertama.

Einor
sumber
1
Mungkin juga berhubungan dengan cache disk.
whitequark