Ini didasarkan pada pembicaraan tentang kompiler yang saya dengarkan beberapa waktu lalu, tapi saya, sayangnya, tidak dapat mengingat kapan atau di mana.

Buat kompilator terpendek dalam bahasa apa pun yang dapat dikompilasi sendiri. Targetkan setiap ISA yang wajar (68K, x86, MIPS, ARM, SPARC, IBM BAL, dll.) Yang tidak memiliki instruksi "program-kompilasi" (ini mungkin mengecualikan beberapa versi VAX). Baca program sumber dari stdindan cetak kode yang dihasilkan ke stdout. Anda dapat menggunakan pustaka C standar untuk I / O dan pemrosesan string (misalnya, _printf). Anda tidak perlu mengkompilasi seluruh bahasa, sembarang subset yang berisi kompiler (yaitu, hanya mencetak quine bahasa assembly, meskipun mengesankan, tidak dihitung sebagai solusi.)

Subset Haskell → C - 18926 karakter

Ini mengkompilasi sebagian kecil Haskell ke C. Fitur yang didukungnya:

• Pencocokan pola dan pelindung
• Deklarasi data
• Pilih operator infiks
• Evaluasi malas

Fitur yang hilang terbesar adalah variabel bersarang (artinya tidak ada lambda / let / where / case), pengecekan tipe, dan kelas tipe. Program yang dihasilkan membocorkan memori, dan kompilasi sendiri membutuhkan sekitar 200 megabita pada sistem saya ( pengumpul sampah Boehm banyak membantu, tetapi hanya jika kompiler mengoptimalkan rekursi ekor dengan baik).

Untuk bootstrap, batalkan komentar pada tiga baris pertama (tidak dihitung dalam skor) dan kompilasi dengan GHC. Compiler mengambil kode subset Haskell pada stdin dan menghasilkan kode C pada stdout.

Sudah lama bukan karena bahasanya kompleks, tetapi karena saya malas. Namun, saat ini solusi terpendek Tidak lagi. Kira saya tidak akan bosan akhir pekan ini.

-- import Prelude hiding (fmap, lookup, snd, zip);import Data.Char
-- import Data.List hiding (lookup, zip);data P a b = P a b;data B = B
-- add=(+);sub=(-);showInt=show;append[]ys=ys;append(x:xs)ys=x:append xs ys
data Program = Program [[Constructor]] [Function]
data Toplevel = TD [Constructor] | TE Equation | TO
data Constructor = Constructor String Int
data Function = Function String Int [Equation]
data Equation = Equation String [Pattern] (Maybe Expression) Expression
data Pattern = PVar String | PCon String [Pattern]
data Expression = Var String | Con String | Int String | Char String | String String | Ap Expression Expression
data Environment = Environment [P String Int] [P String VarInfo]
data VarInfo = VBox String | VArg Int | VItem VarInfo Int
main = interact (compile . parse)
constructorName (Constructor name _) = name
functionName (Function name _ _) = name
equationName (Equation name _ _ _) = name
sortToplevels [] = (P [] [])
sortToplevels (TD x : xs) = applyFst ((:) x) (sortToplevels xs)
sortToplevels (TE x : xs) = applySnd ((:) x) (sortToplevels xs)
sortToplevels (TO : xs)   = sortToplevels xs
pcons x xs = PCon "Cons" [x, xs];pnil = PCon "Nil" []
ebinary op a b = Ap (Ap (Var op) a) b;ebinaryE op a b = Ap (Ap op a) b
econs x xs = Ap (Ap (Con "Cons") x) xs
enil = Con "Nil"
listEq eq [] [] = True
listEq eq (x:xs) (y:ys) | eq x y = listEq eq xs ys
listEq _ _ _ = False
snd (P a b) = b
zip = zipWith P
lookup q (P k v : _)  | listEq (==) q k = Just v
lookup q (_     : xs)                   = lookup q xs
lookup q _                              = Nothing
compose2 f g x y = f (g x y)
applyFst f (P x y) = P (f x) y
applySnd f (P x y) = P x (f y)
fMaybe f Nothing  = Nothing
fMaybe f (Just x) = Just (f x)
cond f t False = f
cond f t True = t
condList f t [] = f
condList f t xs = t xs
countFrom n = n : countFrom (add n 1)
range l h | l > h = []
range l h         = l : range (add l 1) h
parse = makeProgram . sortToplevels . concatMap parse_p . ((:) prelude) . preprocess
parse_p (P lineno line) = maybe (parse_err lineno line) snd (parseLine line)
parse_err lineno line = error (concat ["Parse error on line ", showInt lineno, ": `", line, "`"])
preprocess = filter (not . isCommentOrEmpty . snd) . zip (countFrom 1) . map (dropWhile isBlank) . lines
isCommentOrEmpty = parserSucceeds (pro (ignore (pro (parseS "--") (parseS "import "))) parseEof)
liftA2 f a b = ap (fmap f a) b
parserSucceeds p s = maybe False (const True) (p s)
fmap f p = fMaybe (applySnd f) . p
pure x s = Just (P s x)
ap1 b (P s x) = maybe Nothing (ap2 x) (b s)
ap2 x (P s y) = Just (P s (x y))
empty = (const Nothing)
pro a b s = maybe (b s) Just (a s)
ap a b = maybe Nothing (ap1 b) . a
prc = liftA2 (:)
pra = liftA2 append
prl = liftA2 const
prr = liftA2 (const id)
many p = pro (some p) (pure [])
some p = prc p (many p)
optional p = pro (fmap Just p) (pure Nothing)
choice = foldr pro (const Nothing)
parseEof = parseEof_1
parseEof_1 [] = Just (P "" B)
parseEof_1 _  = Nothing
parsePred pred = parsePred_1 pred
parsePred_1 pred (x:xs) | pred x = Just (P xs x)
parsePred_1 _    _               = Nothing
manyParsePred = justFlipSplit
justFlipSplit pred xs = Just (P (dropWhile pred xs) (takeWhile pred xs))
someParsePred pred = prc (parsePred pred) (manyParsePred pred)
parseC = parsePred . (==)
parseS = foldr (prc . parseC) (pure [])
wrapC = wrapSpace . parseC
wrapS = wrapSpace . parseS
skipPred pred = prr (parsePred pred) (pure B)
manySkipPred pred = prr (manyParsePred pred) (pure B)
preSep p sep = many (prr sep p)
sepBy1 p sep = prc p (many (prr sep p))
sepByChar p c = pro (sepByChar1 p c) (pure [])
sepByChar1 p c = sepBy1 p (wrapSpace (parseC c))
wrapSpace p = prl (prr skipSpace p) skipSpace
ignore = fmap (const B)
isBlank c | c == ' ' || c == '\t' = True
isBlank _                         = False
isDigit1 c = c >= '1' && c <= '9'
parseBetween l r p = prl (prr (parseC l) (wrapSpace p)) (parseC r)
skipSpace = manySkipPred isBlank
chainl1 f sep p = fmap (foldl1 f) (sepBy1 p sep)
chainr1 f sep p = fmap (foldr1 f) (sepBy1 p sep)
chainl f z sep p = pro (fmap (foldl f z) (sepBy1 p sep)) (pure z)
chainr f z sep p = pro (fmap (foldr f z) (sepBy1 p sep)) (pure z)
parseNonassoc ops term = liftA2 (flip ($)) term (pro (liftA2 flip (choice ops) term) (pure id))
parseVar = prc (parsePred (orUnderscore isLower)) (many (parsePred (orUnderscore isAlphaNum)))
orUnderscore p c | p c || c == '_' = True
orUnderscore _ _ = False
parseCon = prc (parsePred isUpper) (many (parsePred (orUnderscore isAlphaNum)))
parseInt = pro (parseS "0") (prc (parsePred isDigit1) (many (parsePred isDigit)))
parseEscape q (c:x:xs) | c == '\\' = Just (P xs (c:x:[]))
parseEscape q [c]      | c == '\\' = Just (P [] [c])
parseEscape q (c:xs)   | c /= q    = Just (P xs [c])
parseEscape q _                    = Nothing
parseStringLiteral q = pra (parseS [q]) (pra (fmap concat (many (parseEscape q))) (parseS [q]))
parsePattern = chainr1 pcons (wrapC ':') (pro (liftA2 PCon parseCon (preSep parsePatternPrimary skipSpace)) parsePatternPrimary)
parsePatternPrimary = choice [fmap PVar parseVar, fmap (flip PCon []) parseCon, parseBetween '(' ')' parsePattern, parseBetween '[' ']' (fmap (foldr pcons pnil) (sepByChar parsePattern ','))]
relops f = relops_1 (ops_c f)
otherops f = f ":" (Con "Cons") : otherops_1 (ops_c f)
ops_c f x y = f x (Var y)
relops_1 f   = [f "<=" "_le", f "<" "_lt", f "==" "_eq", f ">=" "_ge", f ">" "_gt", f "/=" "_ne"]
otherops_1 f = [f "$" "_apply", f "||" "_or", f "&&" "_and", f "." "_compose"]
parseRelops = parseNonassoc (relops parseRelops_f)
parseRelops_f op func = prr (wrapS op) (pure (ebinaryE func))
parseExpression = chainr1 (ebinary "_apply") (wrapC '$') $ chainr1 (ebinary "_or") (wrapS "||") $ chainr1 (ebinary "_and") (wrapS "&&") $ parseRelops $ chainr1 econs (wrapC ':') $ chainr1 (ebinary "_compose") (wrapC '.') $ chainl1 Ap skipSpace $ choice [fmap Var parseVar, fmap Con parseCon, fmap Int parseInt, fmap Char (parseStringLiteral '\''), fmap String (parseStringLiteral '"'), parseBetween '(' ')' (pro parseSection parseExpression), parseBetween '[' ']' (chainr econs enil (wrapC ',') parseExpression)]
parseSection = choice (append (relops parseSection_f) (otherops parseSection_f))
parseSection_f op func = prr (wrapS op) (pure func)
parseEquation = ap (ap (ap (fmap Equation parseVar) (many (prr skipSpace parsePatternPrimary))) (optional (prr (wrapC '|') parseExpression))) (prr (wrapC '=') parseExpression)
skipType = ignore (sepBy1 (sepBy1 skipTypePrimary skipSpace) (wrapS "->"))
skipTypePrimary = choice [ignore parseVar, ignore parseCon, parseBetween '(' ')' skipType, parseBetween '[' ']' skipType]
parseDataDecl = prr (parseS "data") (prr skipSpace (prr parseCon (prr (preSep parseVar skipSpace) (prr (wrapC '=') (sepByChar1 (liftA2 Constructor parseCon (fmap length (preSep skipTypePrimary skipSpace))) '|')))))
skipTypeSignature = prr parseVar (prr (wrapS "::") skipType)
skipTypeAlias = prr (parseS "type") (prr skipSpace (prr parseCon (prr (preSep parseVar skipSpace) (prr (wrapC '=') skipType))))
parseToplevel = choice [fmap (const TO) (pro skipTypeSignature skipTypeAlias), fmap TD parseDataDecl, fmap TE parseEquation]
parseLine = prl (prl (sepByChar1 parseToplevel ';') skipSpace) parseEof
patternCount (Equation _ ps _ _) = length ps
makeProgram (P ds es) = Program ds (makeFunctions es)
makeFunctions = map makeFunctions_f . groupBy makeFunctions_g
makeFunctions_f []     = error "Internal error: No equations in binding group"
makeFunctions_f (x:xs) = cond (error (concat ["Equations for ", equationName x, " have different numbers of arguments"])) (Function (equationName x) (patternCount x) (x:xs)) (all (((==) (patternCount x)) . patternCount) xs)
makeFunctions_g (Equation name_a _ _ _) (Equation name_b _ _ _) = listEq (==) name_a name_b
lookupCon name (Environment c _) = lookup name c
lookupVar name (Environment _ v) = lookup name v
walkPatterns f = walkPatterns_items f VArg
walkPatterns_items f base = concat . zipWith (walkPatterns_f2 f) (map base (countFrom 0))
walkPatterns_f2 f v (PCon name ps) = append (f v (PCon name ps)) (walkPatterns_items f (VItem v) ps)
walkPatterns_f2 f v p              = f v p
compile (Program decls funcs) = concat [header, declareConstructors decls, declareFunctions funcs, boxConstructors decls, boxFunctions funcs, compileConstructors decls, compileFunctions (globalEnv decls funcs) funcs]
globalEnv decls funcs = Environment (append (globalEnv_constructorTags decls) (globalEnv_builtinConstructors)) (append (map (globalEnv_f . functionName) funcs) globalEnv_builtinFunctions)
globalEnv_f name = (P name (VBox name))
globalEnv_constructorTags = concatMap (flip zip (countFrom 0) . map constructorName)
globalEnv_builtinConstructors = [P "Nil" 0, P "Cons" 1, P "P" 0]
globalEnv_builtinFunctions = map globalEnv_f ["add", "sub", "_lt", "_le", "_eq", "_ge", "_gt", "_ne", "_and", "_or", "divMod", "negate", "not", "error"]
localEnv ps (Environment t v) = Environment t (append (walkPatterns localEnv_f ps) v)
localEnv_f v (PVar name) = [P name v]
localEnv_f _ (PCon _ _)  = []
declareFunctions_f [] = ""
declareFunctions_f xs = concat ["static Function ", intercalate ", " xs, ";\n"]
declareConstructors = declareFunctions_f . map ((append "f_") . constructorName) . concat
declareFunctions = declareFunctions_f . map ((append "f_") . functionName)
boxConstructors = concatMap boxConstructors_f . concat
boxConstructors_f (Constructor name n) = boxThing name n
boxFunctions = concatMap boxFunctions_f
boxFunctions_f (Function name n _) = boxThing name n
boxThing name n | n == 0 = concat ["static Box b_", name, " = {0, f_", name, ", NULL};\n"]
boxThing name n = concat ["static Partial p_", name, " = {", showInt n, ", 0, f_", name, "};\n", "static Box b_", name, " = {1, NULL, &p_", name, "};\n"]
compileConstructors = concatMap (concat . zipWith compileConstructors_f (countFrom 0))
compileConstructors_f tag (Constructor name n) = concat ["static void *f_", name, "(Box **args)\n", "{\n", allocate n, "\tv->tag = ", showInt tag, ";\n", concatMap initialize (range 0 (sub n 1)), "\treturn v;\n", "}\n"]
allocate n | n == 0 = "\tValue *v = malloc(sizeof(Value));\n\t(void) args;\n"
allocate n = concat ["\tValue *v = malloc(sizeof(Value) + ", showInt n, " * sizeof(Box*));\n"]
initialize i = concat ["\tv->items[", showInt i, "] = args[", showInt i, "];\n"]
compileFunctions env = concatMap (compileFunction env)
compileFunction env (Function name argc equations) =  concat ["static void *f_", name, "(Box **args)\n", "{\n", concatMap (compileEquation env) equations, "\tNO_MATCH(", name, ");\n", "}\n"]
compileEquation genv (Equation _ patterns guard expr) = compileEquation_a (localEnv patterns genv) patterns guard expr
compileEquation_a env patterns guard expr = compileEquation_b (concat ["\treturn ", compileExpressionStrict env expr, ";\n"]) (append (compilePatterns env patterns) (compileGuard env guard))
compileEquation_b returnExpr preds = condList returnExpr (compileEquation_f returnExpr) preds
compileEquation_f returnExpr xs = concat ["\tif (", intercalate " && " xs, ")\n\t", returnExpr]
compilePatterns env = walkPatterns (compilePatterns_f env)
compilePatterns_f _ _ (PVar name) = []
compilePatterns_f env v (PCon name ps) = compilePatterns_h v name (lookupCon name env)
compilePatterns_h v name (Just n) = [concat ["match(", compileVarInfo v, ",", showInt n, ")"]]
compilePatterns_h v name Nothing  = error (append "Not in scope: data constructor " name)
compileGuard env Nothing     = []
compileGuard env (Just expr) = [concat ["isTrue(", compileExpressionStrict env expr, ")"]]
compileExpressionStrict env (Var name) = concat ["force(", compileVar (lookupVar name env) name, ")"]
compileExpressionStrict _   (Con name) = concat ["force(&b_", name, ")"]
compileExpressionStrict _   (Int s)    = concat ["mkInt(", s, ")"]
compileExpressionStrict _   (Char s)   = concat ["mkInt(", s, ")"]
compileExpressionStrict _   (String s) = concat ["mkString(", s, ")"]
compileExpressionStrict env (Ap f x)   = concat ["apply(", compileExpressionStrict env f, ",", compileExpressionLazy env x, ")"]
compileExpressionLazy env (Var name) = compileVar (lookupVar name env) name
compileExpressionLazy _   (Con name) = concat ["&b_", name, ""]
compileExpressionLazy _   (Int s)    = concat ["box(mkInt(", s, "))"]
compileExpressionLazy _   (Char s)   = concat ["box(mkInt(", s, "))"]
compileExpressionLazy _   (String s) = concat ["box(mkString(", s, "))"]
compileExpressionLazy env (Ap f x)   = concat ["deferApply(", compileExpressionLazy env f, ",", compileExpressionLazy env x, ")"]
compileVar (Just v) _    = compileVarInfo v
compileVar Nothing  name = error (append "Not in scope: " name)
compileVarInfo (VBox name) = append "&b_" name
compileVarInfo (VArg n)    = concat ["args[", showInt n, "]"]
compileVarInfo (VItem v n) = concat ["item(", compileVarInfo v, ",", showInt n, ")"]
header="#include <assert.h>\n#include <stdarg.h>\n#include <stdio.h>\n#include <stdlib.h>\n#include <string.h>\ntypedef struct Box Box;\ntypedef struct Value Value;\ntypedef struct Partial Partial;\ntypedef void *Function(Box**);\nstruct Box{int state;Function *func;void*vc;Box*fx[];};\nstruct Value{int tag;Box *items[];};\nstruct Partial{int remaining;int applied;Function *func;Box *args[];};\n#define copy(...)memdup(&(__VA_ARGS__), sizeof(__VA_ARGS__))\n#define countof(...)(sizeof(__VA_ARGS__) / sizeof(*(__VA_ARGS__)))\n#define match(box, expectedTag)(((Value*)force(box))->tag == (expectedTag))\n#define item(box, n)(((Value*)(box)->vc)->items[n])\n#define isTrue(value)(!!*(int*)(value))\n#define NO_MATCH(func)fatal(\"Non-exhaustive patterns in function \" #func)\nstatic void fatal(const char *str){fprintf(stderr,\"*** Exception: %s\\n\", str);exit(EXIT_FAILURE);}\nstatic void *memdup(void *ptr, size_t size){void*ret=malloc(size);memcpy(ret,ptr,size);return ret;}\nstatic void *force(Box *box){switch(box->state){\ncase 0:box->state=2;box->vc=box->func(box->vc);box->state=1;\ncase 1:return box->vc;\ndefault:fatal(\"infinite loop\");}}\nstatic void *apply(Partial*f,Box*x){Partial*f2=malloc(sizeof(Partial)+(f->applied+1)*sizeof(Box*));\nmemcpy(f2->args,f->args,f->applied*sizeof(Box*));f2->args[f->applied]=x;\nif(f->remaining>1){f2->remaining=f->remaining-1;f2->applied=f->applied+1;f2->func=f->func;return f2;\n}else return f->func(f2->args);}\nstatic void*deferApply_cb(Box**a){return apply(force(a[0]),a[1]);}\nstatic Box*deferApply(Box*f,Box*x){\nBox*ret=malloc(sizeof(Box)+2*sizeof(Box*));\nret->state=0;\nret->func=deferApply_cb;\nret->vc=ret->fx;\nret->fx[0]=f;\nret->fx[1]=x;\nreturn ret;}\n\nstatic Box*defer(Function*func,void*ctx){\nBox*ret=malloc(sizeof(Box));\nret->state=0;\nret->func=func;\nret->vc=ctx;\nreturn ret;}\n\nstatic Box *box(void *value)\n{\n\tBox *ret = malloc(sizeof(Box));\n\tret->state = 1;\n\tret->func = NULL;\n\tret->vc = value;\n\treturn ret;\n}\n\nstatic int *mkInt(int n)\n{\n\tint *ret = malloc(sizeof(*ret));\n\t*ret = n;\n\treturn ret;\n}\n\nstatic Function f_Nil, f_Cons, f_P;\nstatic Box b_Nil, b_Cons, b_P, b_main;\n\n#define FUNCTION(name, argc) \\\n\tstatic Function f_##name; \\\n\tstatic Partial p_##name = {argc, 0, f_##name}; \\\n\tstatic Box b_##name = {1, NULL, &p_##name}; \\\n\tstatic void *f_##name(Box **args)\n\n#define intop(name, expr) \\\n\tFUNCTION(name, 2) \\\n\t{ \\\n\t\tint a = *(int*)force(args[0]); \\\n\t\tint b = *(int*)force(args[1]); \\\n\t\treturn mkInt(expr); \\\n\t}\n\n#define intop1(name, expr) \\\n\tFUNCTION(name, 1) \\\n\t{ \\\n\t\tint a = *(int*)force(args[0]); \\\n\t\treturn mkInt(expr); \\\n\t}\n\nintop(add,  a + b)\nintop(sub,  a - b)\n\nintop(_lt,  a <  b)\nintop(_le,  a <= b)\nintop(_eq,  a == b)\nintop(_ge,  a >= b)\nintop(_gt,  a >  b)\nintop(_ne,  a != b)\nintop(_and, a && b)\nintop(_or,  a || b)\n\nintop1(negate, -a)\nintop1(not,    !a)\n\nFUNCTION(divMod, 2)\n{\n\tint n = *(int*)force(args[0]);\n\tint d = *(int*)force(args[1]);\n\tint div = n / d;\n\tint mod = n % d;\n\t\n\tif ((mod < 0 && d > 0) || (mod > 0 && d < 0)) {\n\t\tdiv--;\n\t\tmod += d;\n\t}\n\t\n\tBox *pair[2] = {box(mkInt(div)), box(mkInt(mod))};\n\treturn f_P(pair);\n}\n\nstatic void *mkString(const char *str)\n{\n\tif (*str != '\\0') {\n\t\tBox *cons[2] =\n\t\t\t{box(mkInt(*str)), defer((Function*) mkString, (void*)(str + 1))};\n\t\treturn f_Cons(cons);\n\t} else {\n\t\treturn force(&b_Nil);\n\t}\n}\n\nstatic void putStr(Value *v, FILE *f)\n{\n\tif (v->tag == 1) {\n\t\tint c = *(int*)force(v->items[0]);\n\t\tputc(c, f);\n\t\tputStr(force(v->items[1]), f);\n\t}\n}\n\nFUNCTION(error, 1)\n{\n\tfflush(stdout);\n\tfputs(\"*** Exception: \", stderr);\n\tputStr(force(args[0]), stderr);\n\tputc('\\n', stderr);\n\texit(EXIT_FAILURE);\n}\n\nstruct mkStringFromFile\n{\n\tFILE *f;\n\tconst char *name;\n};\n\nstatic void *mkStringFromFile(struct mkStringFromFile *ctx)\n{\n\tint c = fgetc(ctx->f);\n\t\n\tif (c == EOF) {\n\t\tif (ferror(ctx->f))\n\t\t\tperror(ctx->name);\n\t\treturn force(&b_Nil);\n\t}\n\t\n\tBox *cons[2] = {box(mkInt(c)), defer((Function*) mkStringFromFile, ctx)};\n\treturn f_Cons(cons);\n}\n\nint main(void)\n{\n\tstruct mkStringFromFile c_in = {stdin, \"<stdin>\"};\n\tBox *b_in = defer((Function*) mkStringFromFile, copy(c_in));\n\tputStr(apply(force(&b_main), b_in), stdout);\n\treturn 0;\n}\n"
prelude = P 0 "_apply f x=f x;_compose f g x=f(g x);data List a=Nil|Cons a(List a);data P a b=P a b;data B=B;data Maybe a=Nothing|Just a;data Bool=False|True;id x=x;const x _=x;flip f x y=f y x;foldl f z[]=z;foldl f z(x:xs)=foldl f(f z x)xs;foldl1 f(x:xs)=foldl f x xs;foldl1 _[]=error\"foldl1: empty list\";foldr f z[]=z;foldr f z(x:xs)=f x(foldr f z xs);foldr1 f[x]=x;foldr1 f(x:xs)=f x(foldr1 f xs);foldr1 _[]=error\"foldr1: empty list\";map f[]=[];map f(x:xs)=f x:map f xs;filter p[]=[];filter p(x:xs)|p x=x:filter p xs;filter p(x:xs)=filter p xs;zipWith f(x:xs)(y:ys)=f x y:zipWith f xs ys;zipWith f _ _=[];append[]ys=ys;append(x:xs)ys=x:append xs ys;concat=foldr append[];concatMap f=concat.map f;length[]=0;length(_:l)=add 1(length l);take n _|n<=0=[];take _[]=[];take n(x:xs)=x:take(sub n 1)xs;takeWhile p[]=[];takeWhile p(x:xs)|p x=x:takeWhile p xs;takeWhile _ _=[];dropWhile p[]=[];dropWhile p(x:xs)|p x=dropWhile p xs;dropWhile p xs=xs;span p[]=P[][];span p(x:xs)|p x=span_1 x(span p xs);span p xs=P[]xs;span_1 x(P ys zs)=P(x:ys)zs;break p=span(not.p);reverse=foldl(flip(:))[];groupBy _[]=[];groupBy eq(x:xs)=groupBy_1 x eq(span(eq x)xs);groupBy_1 x eq(P ys zs)=(x:ys):groupBy eq zs;maybe n f Nothing=n;maybe n f(Just x)=f x;all p=foldr(&&)True.map p;intersperse _[]=[];intersperse _[x]=[x];intersperse sep(x:xs)=x:sep:intersperse sep xs;intercalate xs xss=concat(intersperse xs xss);isDigit c=c>='0'&&c<='9';isAlphaNum c=c>='0'&&c<='9'||c>='A'&&c<='Z'||c>='a'&&c<='z';isUpper c=c>='A'&&c<='Z';isLower c=c>='a'&&c<='z';showInt n|n<0='-':showInt(negate n);showInt n|n==0=\"0\";showInt n|n>0=reverse(map(add 48)(showInt_1 n));showInt_1 n|n==0=[];showInt_1 n=showInt_2(divMod n 10);showInt_2(P div mod)=mod:showInt_1 div;lines []=[];lines s=lines_1(break((==)'\\n')s);lines_1(P l[])=[l];lines_1(P l(_:s))=l:lines s;interact=id"

Bahasa Khusus → C - (7979)

Karena pertanyaannya tidak menghalangi pembuatan bahasa saya sendiri, saya pikir saya akan mencobanya.

Lingkungan

Bahasa ini memiliki akses ke dua tumpukan, The Call Stack, dan The Data Stack. Tumpukan panggilan digunakan untuk instruksi melompat {dan }, sedangkan tumpukan data digunakan oleh sebagian besar instruksi lainnya. Stack Panggilan buram untuk aplikasi.

Stack Data dapat menampung tiga jenis nilai: integer, teks, dan kosong. Integer bertipe intptr_t, sementara teks disimpan sebagai string gaya-C.

The ^instruksi memiliki akses ke Array The. Array adalah array konstan dengan panjang 17 dari item teks. Anda mungkin harus melihat sumber untuk skema pengindeksan karena itu sedikit miring.

Bahasa

#   -   Begin number    - Marks the beginning of a number, for example: #42.
.   -   End number      - Marks the end of a number and pushes it to the data stack.
^   -   Translate       - Pops a number, and pushes the corresponding text from The Array.
<   -   Write           - Pops a value, and prints it to stdout.
>   -   Read            - Reads a character from stdin and pushes it as a number. If EOF,
                          exit.
{   -   Start Loop      - Pushes the current location in the program to the call stack.
}   -   End Loop        - Go to the position specified by the top of the call stack.
+   -   Add             - Pop two numbers from the data stack, add them, push the result.
-   -   Subtract        - Pop into A, pop into B, push B - A. Both B & A must be numbers.
!   -   Duplicate       - Pop from The Data Stack, push that value twice.
_   -   Discard         - Pop from The Data Stack.
=   -   Skip if Equal   - Pop two values, if they are equal skip the next instruction
                          and pop one item from the call stack.
?   -   Loop            - Pop one number, subtract one, if it's less than one, pop one
                          item from the call stack and skip the next instruction.
@   -   Array Separator - Marks the end of an array item.
$   -   Program End     - Marks the end of the program.

Kompiler

Ini adalah kompiler. Ini bukan golf, dan saya berharap ini bisa dikurangi. Seharusnya dimungkinkan untuk menggunakan kode mesin secara langsung dan mengeluarkan file COM dos, tapi saya belum sempat melakukannya. Saya tahu ini terlihat seperti program C, tetapi implementasi kompiler yang sebenarnya turun pada akhirnya.

Saat ini kompiler menghasilkan banyak informasi debug pada stderr.

#include <string.h>
#include <stdint.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <setjmp.h>
#include <stdbool.h>

const char* position;
const char* array[] = {"@"};

void die(const char* reason)
{
    fprintf(stderr, "%s\n", reason);
    exit(1);
}

//
// Stack Functions
//

#define T_EMPTY     (0)
#define T_NUMBER    (1)
#define T_TEXT      (2)

typedef struct {
    unsigned char type;
    union {
        const char* text;
        intptr_t number;
    };
} stack_entry;

#define STACK_MAX   (1024)
stack_entry stack[STACK_MAX];
size_t stack_position = 0;

stack_entry* _push()
{
    if (stack_position >= STACK_MAX) {
        die("out of stack space");
    }
    return &stack[stack_position++];
}

void push(stack_entry v)
{
    if (v.type == T_EMPTY) {
        fprintf(stderr, "\tpushed: None\n");
    } else if (v.type == T_TEXT) {
        fprintf(stderr, "\tpushed: %s\n", v.text);
    } else {
        fprintf(stderr, "\tpushed: %d\n", v.number);
    }
    stack_entry* entry = _push();
    *entry = v;
}

void push_empty()
{
    fprintf(stderr, "\tpushed: None\n");
    stack_entry* entry = _push();
    entry->type = T_EMPTY;
    entry->number = 0;
}

void push_number(intptr_t number)
{
    fprintf(stderr, "\tpushed: %d\n", number);
    stack_entry* entry = _push();
    entry->type = T_NUMBER;
    entry->number = number;
}

void push_text(const char* text)
{
    fprintf(stderr, "\tpushed: %s\n", text);
    stack_entry* entry = _push();
    entry->type = T_TEXT;
    entry->text = text;
}

// Polymorphic Push (for literals)
#define PUSH0()     do { fprintf(stderr, "literal:\n"); push_empty(); } while (0)
#define PUSH1(a)    do { fprintf(stderr, "literal:\n"); push_number(a); } while (0)

#define GET_MACRO(_0, _1, NAME, ...) NAME
#define PUSH(...) GET_MACRO(_0, ##__VA_ARGS__, PUSH1, PUSH0)(__VA_ARGS__)

stack_entry pop()
{
    if (stack_position <= 0) {
        fprintf(stderr, "\tpopped: None\n");
        return (stack_entry) {.type = T_EMPTY, .number = 0};
    }

    stack_entry v = stack[--stack_position];
    if (v.type == T_EMPTY) {
        fprintf(stderr, "\tpopped: None\n");
    } else if (v.type == T_TEXT) {
        fprintf(stderr, "\tpopped: %s\n", v.text);
    } else {
        fprintf(stderr, "\tpopped: %d\n", v.number);
    }
    return v;
}

stack_entry peek()
{
    if (stack_position <= 0) {
        return (stack_entry) {.type = T_EMPTY, .number = 0};
    }

    return stack[stack_position-1];
}

//
// Jump Functions
//

#define JUMP_MAX    (1024)
jmp_buf jump[JUMP_MAX];
size_t jump_position = 0;

#define start()                                     \
    do {                                            \
    if (jump_position >= JUMP_MAX) {                \
        die("out of jump space");                   \
    }                                               \
    fprintf(stderr, "start: %d\n", jump_position);  \
    setjmp(jump[jump_position++]);                  \
    } while (0)

void pop_jump() {
    if (jump_position <= 0) {
        die("empty jump stack");
    }
    jump_position -= 1;
}

#define end()                                       \
    do {                                            \
    if (jump_position <= 0) {                       \
        die("empty jump stack");                    \
    }                                               \
    fprintf(stderr, "end: %d\n", jump_position-1);  \
    longjmp(jump[jump_position-1],1);               \
    } while (0)

//
// Program functions
//

void translate()
{
    fprintf(stderr, "translate:\n");
    stack_entry entry = pop();
    if (entry.type == T_TEXT) {
        die("translating text");
    } else if (entry.type == T_EMPTY) {
        push_empty();
    } else {
        switch (entry.number) {
            case 0:
            case 1:
                push_text(array[entry.number]);
                break;
            case 64:
                push_text(array[2]);
                break;
            case 94:
                push_text(array[3]);
                break;
            case 45:
                push_text(array[4]);
                break;
            case 43:
                push_text(array[5]);
                break;
            case 62:
                push_text(array[6]);
                break;
            case 60:
                push_text(array[7]);
                break;
            case 33:
                push_text(array[8]);
                break;
            case 95:
                push_text(array[9]);
                break;
            case 61:
                push_text(array[10]);
                break;
            case 63:
                push_text(array[11]);
                break;
            case 123:
                push_text(array[12]);
                break;
            case 125:
                push_text(array[13]);
                break;
            case 35:
                push_text(array[14]);
                break;
            case 46:
                push_text(array[15]);
                break;
            case 36:
                push_text(array[16]);
                break;
            default:
                push_empty();
                break;
        }
    }
}

void subtract()
{
    fprintf(stderr, "subtract:\n");
    stack_entry v1 = pop();
    stack_entry v2 = pop();

    if (v1.type != T_NUMBER || v2.type != T_NUMBER) {
        die("not a number");
    }

    push_number(v2.number - v1.number);
}

void add()
{
    fprintf(stderr, "add:\n");
    stack_entry v1 = pop();
    stack_entry v2 = pop();

    if (v1.type != T_NUMBER || v2.type != T_NUMBER) {
        die("not a number");
    }

    push_number(v2.number + v1.number);
}

void read()
{
    fprintf(stderr, "read:\n");
    int in = getchar();

    if (in >= 0) {
        push_number(in);
    } else {
        die("end of input");
    }
}

void write()
{
    fprintf(stderr, "write:\n");
    stack_entry v = pop();

    if (v.type == T_NUMBER) {
        putchar(v.number);
    } else if (v.type == T_TEXT) {
        const char* x = v.text;
        char y;
        while (0 != (y=*(x++))) {
            y -= 128;
            putchar(y);
        }
    }
}

void duplicate()
{
    fprintf(stderr, "duplicate:\n");
    stack_entry v = pop();
    push(v);
    push(v);
}

void discard()
{
    fprintf(stderr, "discard:\n");
    pop();
}

bool equals()
{
    fprintf(stderr, "equals:\n");
    stack_entry x = pop();
    stack_entry y = pop();

    bool skip;

    if (x.type != y.type) {
        skip = false;
    } else if (x.type == T_EMPTY) {
        skip = true;
    } else if (x.type == T_NUMBER) {
        skip = x.number == y.number;
    } else {
        skip = strcmp(x.text, y.text) == 0;
    }

    if (skip) {
        pop_jump();
    }

    return !skip;
}

bool question()
{
    fprintf(stderr, "question:\n");
    stack_entry x = pop();

    intptr_t value;

    if (x.type == T_EMPTY) {
        value = 0;
    } else if (x.type == T_NUMBER) {
        value = x.number;
    } else {
        die("it is bad form to question text");
    }

    value -= 1;

    if (value < 1) {
        pop_jump();
        return false;
    } else {
        push_number(value);
        return true;
    }
}

int main()
{
@","@translate();@subtract();@add();@read();@write();@duplicate();@discard();@if(equals())@if(question())@start();@end();@PUSH(@);@return 0;}@

#0.^<                           Emit the preface

#17.{                           Loop for as many array slots exist
    #.{<>#128.+!#192.=}         Copy characters, adding 128 until reaching an at sign
    #128.-
    ^<                          Emit the code between array items
?}                              Return to start

#1.^<                           Emit the prologue


{{
>!^<                            Read character, translate it, and print it
!#35.=}                         Check if we have a literal
#.{<>!#46.=}^<                  If so, verbatim copy characters until a period
}                               Continue executing
$

Untuk mengkompilasi kode C yang dihasilkan:

gcc -finput-charset=CP437 -fexec-charset=CP437 -std=gnu11

Charset diperlukan karena kompiler lolos dari karakter khusus dengan menambahkan 128.

Bootstrap

Untuk mengkompilasi kompiler pertama, saya menulis sebuah interpreter python untuk bahasa tersebut.

import sys
from collections import defaultdict
KEYS = [0,1] + map(ord, ['@','^','-','+','>','<','!','_','=','?','{','}','#','.','$'])

# Read the source file
with file(sys.argv[1]) as f:
    data = f.read()
pos = 0

# Initialize the environment
array = defaultdict(str)
jmp = []
stk = []

def log(x):
    sys.stderr.write(x + '\n')

def read():
    global pos,data
    pos += 1
    return data[pos-1]

def pop():
    global stk
    try:
        x = stk.pop()
    except IndexError:
        x = None
    log('\tpopped ' + repr(x))
    return x

def push(value):
    global stk
    log('\tpushing ' + repr(value))
    stk.append(value)

# Read the array initialization section
for key in KEYS:
    while True:
        c = read()
        if c == '@':
            break
        array[key] += c

# Execute the program
while pos < len(data):
    c = read()
    if c == '^':
        log('translate:')
        push(array.get(pop(), None))
    elif c == '-':
        log('subtract:')
        x = pop()
        y = pop()
        push(y - x)
    elif c == '+':
        log('add:')
        x = pop()
        y = pop()
        push(y + x)
    elif c == '>':
        log('read:')
        push(ord(sys.stdin.read(1)))
    elif c == '<':
        log('write:')
        v = pop()
        if isinstance(v, int):
            sys.stdout.write(chr(v))
        elif v is not None:
            sys.stdout.write(v)
    elif c == '!':
        log('duplicate:')
        x = pop()
        push(x)
        push(x)
    elif c == '_':
        log('discard:')
        pop()
    elif c == '=':
        log('skip if equal:')
        x,y = pop(),pop()
        if x == y:
            pos += 1
            jmp.pop()
    elif c == '?':
        log('loop:')
        x = pop()
        x -= 1
        if x < 1:
            pos += 1
            jmp.pop()
        else:
            push(x)
    elif c == '{':
        log('start: ' + repr(pos))
        jmp.append(pos)
    elif c == '}':
        log('end:')
        pos = jmp[-1]
    elif c == '#':
        literal = ''
        while True:
            c = read()
            if c == '.':
                log('literal: ' + repr(literal))
                if literal == '':
                    push(None)
                else:
                    push(int(literal))
                break
            else:
                literal += c

Menyatukan Semuanya

Dengan anggapan Anda telah menyimpan kompiler sebagai compiler.cmpdan bootstrap sebagai bootstrap.py, inilah cara membuat kompiler, dan kemudian menggunakannya untuk mengkompilasi sendiri:

$ cat compiler.cmp |
  python bootstrap.py compiler.cmp 2> trace-bootstrap |
  gcc -finput-charset=CP437 -fexec-charset=CP437 -std=gnu11 -o result -xc -
$ cat compiler.cmp | ./result 2> trace-final

Jadi saya bukan programmer C, saya juga bukan desainer bahasa, jadi saran untuk meningkatkan ini sangat disambut baik!

Contoh Program

Halo Dunia!

Hello, World!@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@#0.^<$

Extended Brainfuck v0.9: 618 bytes (tidak termasuk linefeeds yang tidak sempurna)

:c:n:z:g:i:t:w:a:p++++++++[->++++++++<]>[->>>>>>>[>>>>>>>>]+[<<<<<<<<]>]>>>>>>>[->>>>>>>>]@i
$i,[[-$t+$w+$i]$t[-$i+$t]+$a+++[-$w-----------$a]$w---[$a++[-$w-----------$a]$w[--[--[--[$i.
$t+++++++[-$w++++++++$t]$w[-]]$t[-$p[-]$i.$n,.[-<[<<]+[>>]<]@n$c[<<]>[-<<<+>>>>[>>]@z$p+$c[<
<]>]<<<[->>>+<<<]>>>>[->>]@z$t]$w]$t[-$i.$p+$t]$w]$t[-$i.$p-$t]$w]$t[$i.$n,.[-<[<<]+[>>]<]@n
$g[-$t+$c[<<]>+>[>>]@z>]$c[<<]>>[->>]@z$t[-$g+$t]$t]$w]$t[-$i.[-]$n,.[-<[<<]+[>>]<]@n$c[<<]>
[-<<<+>>>>[>>]@z$i+$a+$c[<<]>]<<<[->>>+<<<]>>>>[->>]@z<++++++[->++++++++++<]$w+$p[$a[-$w-]<[
@w-$p[-$z.$p]+$t]$w+$p-]$z++$w-$a[-$z.$a]$z[-]$i[-$p+$i]$t]$w$i,]

Ini adalah versi golf dari versi pertama EBF saya dengan dukungan yang dihapus untuk komentar dan kode mati untuk mendukung penghapusan variabel.

Jadi pada dasarnya BrainFuck dengan variabel. :xmenciptakan variabel x. Kompiler tahu di mana Anda berada sehingga $yakan menghasilkan <'s dan> untuk sampai ke posisi itu. Terkadang Anda membutuhkan loop asimetris dan kemudian Anda harus memberi tahu kompiler di mana Anda berada @x. Sebagai EBF saat ini dikompilasi ke Brainfuck.

Versi pertama ini hanya memiliki satu nama variabel char, tetapi saya telah menggunakan versi ini untuk mengkompilasi versi berikutnya dan seterusnya hingga versi saat ini yang memiliki set fitur yang mengesankan. Ketika mengkompilasi dari sumber github, ia benar-benar mengunduh binary handcompiled untuk bootstrap 6 versi ebf menengah untuk membuat versi saat ini.

Untuk mem-bootstrapnya, Anda dapat menggunakan binary ini pertama dan satu-satunya di repositori git EBF yang berhasil dikompilasi dengan tangan setelah beberapa kali mencoba.

wget -nv https://raw.githubusercontent.com/westerp/ebf-compiler/34c378c8347aafa5dbf37f4973461d42c8120ea4/ebf-handcompiled.bf
beef ebf-handcompiled.bf < ebf09.ebf > ebf09a.bf
beef ebf09a.bf < ebf09.ebf > ebf09b.bf
diff -s ebf09a.bf ebf09b.bf # Files ebf09a.bf and ebf09b.bf are identical

Brainfuck memiliki beberapa implementasi perangkat keras, misalnya. ini , ini dan ini untuk menyebutkan beberapa. Tetapi sebagian besar sangat mudah untuk diterapkan, Anda bisa menerapkan juru bahasa pada sistem apa pun. Saya sering bercanda bahwa Zozotez LISP , yang ditulis dalam EBF, mungkin adalah LISP paling portabel yang pernah ada.

Hex, 550 byte

Ini secara khusus menargetkan sistem x86_64 yang menjalankan Linux.

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

Dalam bahasa ini, kode sumber terdiri dari byte yang direpresentasikan sebagai dua digit heksadesimal huruf kecil [0-9a-f][0-9a-f],. Bytes ini mungkin memiliki jumlah spasi putih di sekitarnya, tetapi tidak ada yang dapat terjadi di antara digit yang membentuk satu byte. Selanjutnya, '!'adalah karakter baris-komentar: diabaikan, serta segala sesuatu di antara itu dan '\n'karakter berikutnya .

Jika Anda memahami rakitan x86, inilah versi kode sumber yang lebih mudah dibaca:

! ELF Header !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
7f 45 4c 46                !e_ident[EI_MAG0] (0x7F "ELF")
02                         !e_ident[EI_CLASS] (64-bit)
01                         !e_ident[EI_DATA] (little-endian)
01                         !e_ident[EI_VERSION] (ELF v1)
00                         !e_ident[EI_OSABI] (System V ABI)
00                         !e_ident[EI_ABIVERSION] (version 0)
00 00 00 00 00 00 00       !e_ident [EI_PAD]
02 00                      !e_type (executable)
3e 00                      !e_machine (x86_64)
01 00 00 00                !e_version (ELF v1)
78 00 40 00 00 00 00 00    !e_entry (0x40078)
40 00 00 00 00 00 00 00    !e_phoff (0x   40)
00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00    !e_shoff (0x    0)
00 00 00 00                !e_flags
40 00                      !e_ehsize (ELF header size = 64 bytes)
38 00                      !e_phentsize (Program headers = 56 bytes)
01 00                      !e_phnum (1 program header)
40 00                      !e_shentsize (Section headers = 64 bytes)
00 00                      !e_shnum (no section headers)
00 00                      !e_shstrndx (section names, not useful here)

! Program Headers !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
01 00 00 00                !p_type (LOAD)
05 00 00 00                !p_flags (R+E)
00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00    !p_offset (file-loc 0)
00 00 40 00 00 00 00 00    !p_vaddr (vmem-loc 0x40000)
00 00 40 00 00 00 00 00    !p_paddr (pmem-loc 0x40000)
13 01 00 00 00 00 00 00    !p_filesz (length 0x113 bytes)
13 01 00 00 00 00 00 00    !p_memsz (allocate 0x113 bytes)
00 00 20 00 00 00 00 00    !p_align (align pages in 0x20000 increments)


! Program Code !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
!! _start: !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
      e8 17 00 00 00 ! callq _gethx
               85 c0 ! test %eax,%eax
               7c 0b ! jl .+11
               31 ff ! xor %edi,%edi
               01 c7 ! add %eax,%eax
      e8 79 00 00 00 ! callq _putch
               eb ec ! jmp .-20
               31 c0 ! xor %eax,%eax
               89 c7 ! mov %eax,%edi
               b0 3c ! mov $0x3c,%al
               0f 05 ! syscall

!! _gethx: !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
      e8 4c 00 00 00 ! callq _getch
            48 85 c0 ! test %rax,%rax
               7c 20 ! jl _gethx+42
               3c 21 ! cmp $0x21,al
               78 f2 ! js _gethx
               74 1b ! je _gethx+43
               89 c7 ! mov %eax,%edi
      e8 25 00 00 00 ! callq _h2d
            c0 e0 04 ! sal $4,%al
                  50 ! push %rax
      e8 31 00 00 00 ! callq _getch
               89 c7 ! mov %eax,%edi
      e8 15 00 00 00 ! callq _h2d
                  59 ! pop %rcx
               00 c8 ! add %cl,%al
                  c3 ! retq
      e8 21 00 00 00 ! callq _getch
               3c 0d ! cmp $0xd,%al
               7f f7 ! jg _gethx+43
               74 ca ! je _gethx
               3c 0a ! cmp $0xa,%al
               75 f1 ! jne _gethx+43
               eb c4 ! jmp _gethx

!! _h2d: !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
               89 f8 ! mov %edi,%eax
               31 c9 ! xor %ecx,%ecx
               3c 40 ! cmp $0x40,%al
            0f 9c c1 ! setl %cl
            48 ff c9 ! dec %rcx
            80 e1 27 ! and $0x27,%cl
            80 c1 30 ! add $0x30,%cl
               28 c8 ! sub %cl,%al
                  c3 ! retq

!! _getch: !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
               6a 00 ! push $0
            48 89 e6 ! mov %rsp,%rsi
               31 c0 ! xor %eax,%eax
               89 c2 ! mov %eax,%edx
               fe c2 ! inc %dl
               89 c7 ! mov %eax,%edi
               0f 05 ! syscall
               31 c9 ! xor %ecx,%ecx
               85 c0 ! test %eax,%eax
                  58 ! pop %rax
            0f 95 c1 ! setne %cl
            48 ff c9 ! dec %rcx
            48 09 c8 ! or %rcx,%rax
                  c3 ! retq

!! _putch: !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
                  57 ! push %rdi
            48 89 e6 ! mov %rsp,%rsi
               31 c0 ! xor %eax,%eax
               fe c0 ! inc %al
               89 c2 ! mov %eax,%edx
               89 c7 ! mov %eax,%edi
               0f 05 ! syscall
                  58 ! pop %rax
                  c3 ! retq

Jika Anda mengekstrak bahasa rakitan dari komentar di bawah ! Program Code, Anda dapat merakit dan menjalankan kompiler Hex. Input dan output menggunakan stdin dan stdout.

Subset Javascript -> Java, 504 byte

document.write("public class Generated{public static void main(String[]args){"+prompt().replace(RegExp("[r]eplace(,"g"),"replaceAll(").replace(RegExp("[v]ar","g"),"double")+"}static class document{static void write(String s){System.out.print(s);}}static void prompt(){return javax.swing.JOptionPane.showInputDialog(\"\");}static void alert(String a){JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(null,a);}static double Number(String a){return Double.parseDouble(a);}static String RegExp(String a,String b){return a;}}");

05AB1E , 2 byte (mungkin tidak bersaing)

.V

Cobalah online!

Kode pada baris input pertama, input pada baris berikutnya.

Kayu , 0 byte

Lumber adalah bahasa pemrograman esoterik lengkap yang ditemukan oleh Unrelated String yang ditulis hanya dalam 10 baris kode Prolog.

Tidak bisa percaya? Program-program ini memiliki komentar yang dihapus dan membuat sumber juru bahasa lebih ringkas.

lumber_corefuncs.pl:

:- use_module(lumber_types).

lumber_types.pl

:- module(lumber_types,
          []).

lumber_corefuncs.pl mengambil lumber_types di perpustakaan; dan pada gilirannya, perpustakaan ini mendefinisikan sebuah modul tanpa apa pun di dalamnya. Oleh karena itu, Kayu tidak melakukan apa pun pada input arbiter, yang pada gilirannya adalah self-compiler.

Nihil , 0 byte

Luar biasanya, meskipun tidak lengkap-Turing, bahasa Nil cukup ekspresif untuk mengimplementasikan penerjemah untuk dirinya sendiri, jauh lebih ringkas daripada banyak bahasa 'tepat' yang bisa. Contoh yang disajikan di sini adalah implementasi sederhana, tetapi menggunakan teknik kompresi canggih. Pengembang Nil telah mampu menghasilkan interpreter yang bekerja hanya dalam 0 baris kode.